A collection of short articles written in the hope to encourage Christians to be challenged in their thinking. For the church to fulfill its mission, it must be dynamic and prepared to change while remaining faithful to the inspired Word of God. Starting from my publication "Praying for Rain", I hope to apply its approach and ideas in a broader context so that it may be a blessing to many.
Monday, August 5, 2024
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Over de Auteur en Voetnoten
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): deel 2: persoonlijke ervaring
...het soort gelijkheid waarbij gelijken ook verwisselbaar moeten zijn is een culturele (?) fantasie. Dat mag in de samenleving dan zo zijn, maar in de kerk volgen we geen fantasieën. Seks was onder meer geschapen om de geheimenissen van God te symboliseren. Een van de functies van het huwelijk is uitdrukking te geven aan de aard van verbondenheid tussen Christus en de kerk. Wij hebben niet de bevoegdheid om de levendige en gevoelige beelden die God geschilderd heeft op het doek van onze geaardheid te vertekenen alsof het slechts geometrische vormen zouden zijn. Met de kerk zijn we dieper betrokken, want daar hebben we te maken met mannelijk en vrouwelijk- niet slechts als fysieke gegevens maar als de levende en verschrikkelijke schaduwen van realiteiten die geheel buiten onze controle en grotendeels buiten onze directe kennis liggen.
(God) gaf ons Jezus. Jezus! Hij gaf hem op voor ons allen. Als we slechts één ding zouden onthouden, is dit dan niet voldoende? Waarom is dit de herinnering die (ik) zo gemakkelijk als vanzelfsprekend aanneem? Hij sneed het vlees van de God-mens open om zijn bloed te laten stromen. Hij waste ons vuil weg met zijn bloedige genade. Is deze ene wetenschap dan niet voldoende? Hebben wij verder dan ook maar iets anders nodig? Als God zelfs zijn eigen Zoon aan ons overgaf, zou Hij dan ook maar iets terughouden wat wij nodig hebben? Als vertrouwen verdiend moet worden, heeft God dan niet heel uitdrukkelijk ons vertrouwen verdiend met de bast (?) op zijn verse wonden en de dorens in zijn voorhoofd gedrukt, en jouw naam op zijn gebarsten lippen? Hoe zal hij dan niet vol genade alle dingen schenken die hem het beste en juiste toelijken voor ons? Hij heeft ons al het meest onbegrijpelijk schatbare geschenk gegeven.
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Deel 1 - Hermeneutische Noodzaak 5/5
“Dat was toen; dit is nu”
Twee Fundamentele Problemen van deze benadering
De eerste is een ernstige fout waarbij OT teksten en verhalen beschouwd worden als didactisch (lerend), terwijl ze slechts beschrijvend zijn. Seksistisch en onderdrukkend gedrag van mannen en culturen worden weliswaar beschreven in het OT, maar die worden niet vermeld als voorschriften. Als we lezen dat Abraham, Jacob, of David meerdere vrouwen hadden, dan wil dat niet zeggen dat dit Gods bedoeling was net zomin als wanneer het dagblad Trouw een moord beschrijft dit zou betekenen dat de redactie van het blad dit goedkeurt.Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Deel 1 - Hermeneutische Noodzaak 4/5
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Deel 1 - Hermeneutische Noodzaak 3/5
“Als we de conclusie aannemen dat 1 Kor.14:33b-35 duidt op de beoordeling van de profetieën, dan moeten we vervolgens de feitelijke instructies bekijken die Paulus geeft over deze zaak. Hij vond ze niet onbelangrijk. “Alle kerken van God”, zei hij, “waren van gelijke opvatting over deze praktijk (14:33b). We kunnen dit niet toepassen op elke vorm van spreken; het is wel duidelijk dat het hier gaat om de evaluatie van de boodschap van een profeet.”
“De tekst staat op geen enkele manier in tegenstelling tot 1 Kor.11, waar er duidelijk vanuit gegaan wordt dat vrouwen bidden en profeteren in de kerk. Ook is het niet in strijd met het onderwijs van hoofdstukken 12-14, dat er vanuit gaat dat verschillende leden van Christus’ lichaam allen meedoen in de gezamenlijke vergaderingen.”
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Deel 1 - Hermeneutische Noodzaak 2/5
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Deel 1 - Hermeneutische Noodzaak 1/5
Jesus, Justice, and Gender Roles by Kathy Keller (Dutch translation): Introductie
Introductie
Toen Tim en ik in 1989 naar Manhattan verhuisden om Redeemer Church te planten begrepen we dat zaken die elders betwist gebied waren in New York weleens explosief konden worden. Door de jaren heen zijn seksualiteit, M/V rollen, en persoonlijke keuzes in die gebieden steeds ‘hot topics’ geweest en onderwerpen die leidden tot uitingen van woede, tranen, geschreeuw, en teleurstelling.
Eens vertelde een vrouw me met betraande ogen -toen ze besefte dat we geen vrouwen aanstelden als ouderlingen of predikanten, “Het voelde alsof ik net ontdekte dat mijn verloofde een kinderbeul was!” Dit waren geen malse woorden die uitnodigden tot een verder gesprek. Ik wilde haar troosten en helpen, maar dan vraag je jezelf af: “Hoe spreek je mensen van de 21ste eeuw op pastoraal meelevende wijze toe op een manier dat het idee van aparte M/V rollen niet overkomen als een ouderwetse opvatting waar we ons voor moeten schamen, maar als een goed geschenk van onze hemelse vader?”
Voor mij is deze vraag niet een academische kwestie. Ik heb hier diepgaand en persoonlijk mee geworsteld, als een vrouw die zich destijds voorbereidde op installatie als predikant in de United Presbyterian Church (USA).Wednesday, April 24, 2024
第二十课 和解和结论
读经: 创 42-45
随着创世记第 42 章的故事由约瑟在埃及转到雅各的家在迦南地。老父亲雅各执掌着这大家庭里的 领导权,他叫儿子们要行动。这个家需要粮食而“埃及”恰恰充足。神控制供应也控制需求。他 用它来带领亚伯拉罕的种子“流亡”埃及。当雅各最宠爱的儿子留在家里是,他的十个哥哥跋涉 到埃及为家里买粮食。当他们到达分配粮食的地方,他们受到他们的兄弟约瑟迎接。当他们屈膝 在埃及的长官面前时,他们并没有意识到约瑟小时候的梦实现了:十捆麦子跪拜约瑟的那捆! (创 37:7)
约瑟用这次的遭遇管教和试验他哥哥。他称他们为间谍使他们说出他的父亲和胞弟便雅悯的情况。 他藉拘留西缅来测试他们的团结度;他们会抛弃他或再回来,与埃及苛刻总督的另一次可怕相遇? 有趣的是,约瑟告诉他们这样做的目的是:看看他们是否是诚实的人。但他们并不知道那长官就 是约瑟,无论怎样,他们意识到他们这样的“衰运”和麻烦是神灵对他们过去所犯的罪的惩罚, 尤其是他们怎样对待约瑟的缘故。
所以,即使他们满载而归,不花钱就获得,整个家却陷入麻烦。雅各拒绝让便雅悯去,恐怕失去 另一个儿子。他情愿冒险留西缅在埃及,也不想失去拉结,他最爱的妻子,仅留的独一的儿子, 仅仅是他们的粮食又光了,雅各因饥荒要重新考虑冒失去孩子的风险。在犹大承诺将负全责且晓 得他们没有任何替代品的情况下,他们才被允许返回埃及—和他们的弟弟一起。
哥哥们还回了钱并带来了便雅悯证明了他们信任度。约瑟释放了西缅并邀请他的哥哥们吃个便饭。 虽然这种会面变得越来越私密且带有私人情感,约瑟决定继续试验他们。他想知道他们会用什么 样的代价保护他们被宠坏的弟弟的幸福。所以,他把他的值钱的银杯,据说用于通灵的,放在便 雅悯的麻袋里。然后,他追赶他们,指控他们偷窃。他们极力否认这一点,并同意谁偷谁该死。 所以,当那银杯在便雅悯的财物力被发现,他们比以前更麻烦。
但,这次哥哥们又通过了试验;尤其是犹大。他做了一个充满激情的讲话,当中提出自己代替罪 犯。在这如此诚实和真诚地呼吁之后,,约瑟再也不能控制自己。他也不再需要隐藏自己真实的 身份,因他的哥哥们已清楚证明他们已经改变了。所以,约瑟承认了。他的哥哥们惊呆了。他们 需要时间来消化这个消息,因为这颠倒了他们整个世界!
在这个神的主权控制美好的见证里,约瑟解释说,他们的行为背后的含义:神自己在做工。神安 排约瑟到埃及为整个的家预备地方。祂用祂爱子的被杀保全祂的百姓的生命。神以这种方式完成 对亚伯拉罕的应许,是他成为大国!
读经: 创 46.47
哥哥们回到迦南,到父亲雅各那里。他们共同分享着这奇妙的消息,约瑟还活着,并且做了埃及 的宰相。只是以色列听到整个故事后,看到的是来帮助家庭迁移的埃及战车,他才相信他们的报 告。主,神再次在梦中向他显现并确定迁移到埃及是符合神的计划。所以,一整个大家庭整装出 发到埃及。约瑟已经决定将歌栅最适合他们居住的地方。那是在国家的郊区,也许是些很难生长 庄稼却适合牧放羊群的地方。埃及人瞧不起牧羊人,所以,越是隔离的地方,就越是可以保证亚
伯拉罕的后裔和埃及人分开。他们在那里繁荣,数量突发增长以致成为大国,正如神应许他们的 父辈亚伯拉罕的。
同时,约瑟的建议使法老的财富和权力增强。为防止饥饿,居民先花光了所有的金钱,继而他们 的动物,最终是他们的土地。但是,约瑟让他们继续耕种土地却加重他们的赋税。法老笑了;生 活从来没有这么滋润过!
读经: 创 48-50
雅各说了:“我要在我死前去看我的儿子约瑟。”他知道他已经老了,不会再活很多年的。他对 法老说:“我的朝圣年日是 130 年。”他知道作为朝圣者,他没有办法到达应许之地。所以,当 雅各的健康恶化,约瑟来看他,和他一同来的还有他的儿子玛拿西和以法莲。雅各和他们分享神 是怎样在伯特利向他显现。作为一个孤独的年轻男子,他曾前往一个遥远的国度,但上帝保佑他 成为一个大家族。同样,约瑟也孤身去往另一个遥远的国家,神也祝福了他,使他繁荣。然而, 神在两人的旅程中,要打发他们将亚伯拉罕的后代建成大国。
所以,雅各在他的遗嘱里给约瑟双份的遗产:约瑟的儿子以在雅各的名下来算的。所以我们(以 后)不再读到约瑟支派,但我们会读到玛拿西和以法莲两个支派。理论上,他们将会有 13 个支派 居住在应许地。但是,当雅各祝福约瑟的儿子时,他交叉了手,给予了小儿子更多的祝福。早在 一百年前,雅各欺骗父亲以得着更多的祝福,现在,神继续以奇异的方式工作:约瑟是十二个当 中倒数第二,再一次,他的小儿子比哥哥得着更多的祝福。
并且,雅各祝福他其他的儿子们是,很明显,大的并没有得着更多的祝福:
流便和父亲的妾睡觉 (35:22)
西缅和利未杀害了示剑人(34:26)
然而,犹大,被称为狮子。奇妙的预言显而易见:“权杖(王权的象征)将永远属于犹大,直到 属于祂的那位来到。万国都要来敬拜祂!”如果你有来认识,主耶稣的福音,你就会明白这个从 以色列口中的祝福是基督来的另一个预言。祂是“犹大的狮子!” 启(5:5)
在欧洲基督徒埋葬死人时,他们视作将种子埋在土壤里。所以,当他们站在墓旁,他们伤心失去 亲人,但他们也盼望终有一天:“从种子生出的新的植物”。当耶稣再来,审判这个世界时,所 有的人都会复活来到他的面前接受审判。那些属乎主的,将有一个新的,荣耀的身体永远荣耀他 们的神。
在创世记的最后,我们也站在墓旁。我们读到关于雅各的墓和约瑟的墓;两个朝圣者他们受到神 双倍的祝福。这里是亚伯拉罕两个儿子,他们相信神的应许。有理由伤心。局势的表面看起来不 好;亚伯拉罕的后代几乎不认识神。从许多方面,他们已经变成和周围国家的人一样。现在,他 们不得不离开应许给他们父辈的土地。那神应许给祖先亚伯拉罕的会变成怎样呢?
但是,雅各和约瑟继续相信神。作为家族的见证,他们坚持要把他们的尸体带到应许之地。以色 列的尸体由战车和马兵护送。这将成为以色列的希望:总有一天,他的后代将效法他。约瑟的尸 体将保留,但当时间到了,当“以色列”要离开埃及的时候,他的后代要将他的尸体一同带走, 带到神向父辈们应许的地方。
总结
圣经头五本书被称为“摩西五经”。但是,创世记这本书记录的是摩西以前的历史。在那之后记 录停止了将近 400 年摩西才出现。那时,神记念祂和亚伯拉罕所立的约,祂要创立以色列国。显 然,从亚伯拉罕时代,人们就开始写作。无论怎样,神要确定远古历史要被记录。也许,以色列 的大多数牧羊人不会读也不会写,但约瑟和他的儿子们一定受到很好的教育。如果普通人是个文 盲,很可能创世纪的书面记录存放在埃及的档案馆。四百年后,以色列的有一个后代受到很好的 教育。这个人也有机会进入国家档案馆并且他对希伯来文化是真的很有兴趣(亚伯拉罕的子孙)。 圣经没有告诉我们记录是怎样被保存或怎样流传。然而,我们知道约瑟夫有一个真正的兴趣,就 是确保他的人民知道他们的遗产,就是他们要知道神对亚伯拉罕,以撒,雅各的应许。上帝确保 了创世记纪录将会保存和保护。祂安排又一次亚伯拉罕的单纯的儿子会得到一个在埃及法院的特 权地位。他将再次用这保证亚伯拉罕的后代将成为大国,有一天,这些百姓要回到应许之地。
思考题
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1 约瑟可以被看作是耶稣的画面。你发现有什么相似之处?
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2 救挪亚和他的家人脱离洪水的希伯来文“方舟”,也用在摩西的篮子里。读出 2:1-10。 正如救挪亚那样,神拯救摩西脱离水的威胁,以建立神的国度而进行新的开始。
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3 阅读:出 13:19:摩西带着约瑟的骨头,因为约瑟曾叫以色列人庄严宣誓:“神必定看顾 你们,你们要把我的骸骨从这里搬上去。”
Lesson 20. Reconciliation, Peace, and Hope
Read: Genesis 42 – 45
With Genesis 42 the story returns from Joseph in Egypt to Jacob’s family in the land of Canaan. The old father Jacob takes on leadership for his extended family by calling his sons into action. The family is in need of food while “Egypt” appears to have plenty. God is in control of supply and demand, and he uses it to lead Abraham’s seed into ‘exile’ in Egypt. While Jacob’s favorite son is kept at home, his ten brothers journey to Egypt to purchase food for the family. When they arrive at the place of distribution, they are greeted by their brother Joseph. As they bow down before the Egyptian governor, they do not realize that Joseph’s childhood dream is being fulfilled: ten bundles of wheat bowing before Joseph’s! (Genesis 37: 7)
Joseph uses the encounter to discipline and test his brothers. He calls them spies in order to make them tell about his father and (full brother) Benjamin. He tests their integrity by detaining Simeon; will they abandon him or return to another fearful encounter with the harsh governor of Egypt? Interestingly, Joseph tells them the purpose of his action: to see if they are honorable men. While they do not know that the governor is Joseph, somehow they see their “bad luck” and trouble as a divine punishment for their sins of the past, especially how they have treated Joseph.
So, although they return with plenty of food, acquired at no cost, the family is deeply troubled. Jacob refuses to let Benjamin go, in fear of losing yet another son. He rather risks leaving Simeon in Egypt then losing his only remaining son of Rachel, his most beloved wife. Only when they are out of food and Jacob is in danger of losing children due to the famine is the situation reconsidered. After Judah pledges full responsibility and when no alternatives are left, father Jacob finally gives his permission to return to Egypt- with their younger brother.
The brothers prove their trustworthiness by returning the money and by presenting Benjamin. Joseph has Simeon released and invites his brothers for a formal dinner. Although the meeting becomes more personal and emotional, Joseph decides to continue the testing. He wants to know at what cost they would protect the wellbeing of a spoiled young brother. So, he has his valuable silver cup, reportedly used to contact spirits, planted into Benjamin’s sack. He then pursues them and charges them with theft. They vehemently deny this and agree that the thief deserves to die. So, when the cup is found in Benjamin’s possession, they are even more troubled than before.
But, once again the brothers pass the test; especially Judah. He has a passionate speech in which he offers himself as substitute for the one condemned for the crime. After this honest and heartfelt appeal of his brothers, Joseph can no longer control himself. No longer does he need to hide his true identity, for his brothers have clearly demonstrated that they have changed. So, Joseph bursts out in his confession. His brothers are shocked. They need time to process this news, for it turns their whole world upside down!
In a wonderful testimony to the sovereign control of God, Joseph explains that –behind their actions-, God himself had been at work. God had arranged Joseph to go to Egypt to prepare a home for his whole family. He used the ‘murder’ of the beloved son to secure the lives of his people. In this way God would fulfill his promises to Abraham to make him into a great nation!
Read: Genesis 46, 47
The brothers return to Canaan, to father Jacob. They share the amazing news that Joseph lives, and that he is ruler over Egypt. Only after Israel hears the whole story and sees the Egyptian chariots that came along to help the family move, can he believe their report. The Lord God appears to him once more in a dream and confirms that the move to Egypt is in accordance with God’s plans. So, the whole extended family packs up and moves to Egypt. Joseph has already decided that the land of Goshen would be most suitable. This was on the outskirts of the nation, and it probably had land unsuitable for growing crops but good for grazing sheep and goats. The Egyptians looked down on shepherds, so the more isolated location would ensure that Abraham’s seed would remain separated from the Egyptians. There they prospered and increased greatly in number so that they would grow into the nation that God had promised to their father Abraham.
Meanwhile, Joseph’s advice increased Pharaoh’s wealth and power. To prevent starvation the citizens first spent their money, then their animals, and finally their land. Yet, Joseph let them continue to farm the land while he increased their taxes. Pharaoh smiled; life had never been better!
Read: Genesis 48 – 50
Jacob had said, “I will go to see my son Joseph before I die.” He knew he was an old man who would not live many more years. To Pharaoh he said, “My pilgrimage has been 130 years.” Yet, he realized that as a pilgrim he would not reach the promised land. So, when Jacob’s health began to deteriorate, Joseph came to visit him, together with his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. Jacob shared with his son how God had appeared to him at Bethel. As a lonely young man he had traveled to a distant land where God had nevertheless blessed him with a large family. Similarly, Joseph had made his lonely journey to another distant land where God had blessed and prospered him. Yet, God had been there in both their journeys, and He had used them to build Abraham’s seed into a great nation.
So, Jacob gives Joseph a double share in the inheritance: Joseph’s sons will count as if they were Jacob’s own sons. Therefore we do not (later) read about a tribe of Joseph, but we find reference to the two tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim. Technically there were to be thirteen tribes to settle the Promised Land. Yet, when Jacob turns to bless Joseph’s sons he switches his hands to give the younger boy the greater blessing. A century earlier Jacob used deceit to get his father’s greater blessing, and now God continues to work in his surprising ways: Joseph was the second youngest of the twelve, and –again- his younger son would be greater than his brother.
Also when Jacob blesses his other sons, it is clear that the older ones do not get the greater blessings:
- Reuben had slept with his father’s concubine (35: 22).
Simeon and Levi had murdered the Shechemites (34: 26).
Judah, however, is called a lion. An amazing prophecy is pronounced: “The scepter (symbol of royalty) will always belong to Judah, until the One come to whom this authority belongs. All the nations will
worship Him!” If you have come to know the Lord Jesus through the Gospels, you will recognize this blessing from Israel as another prophecy of the coming of Christ. He is “the Lion of Judah!” (Rev. 5: 5)
When Christians in Europe bury their dead, they see the buried body as a seed put into the soil. So, as they stand at the grave site they mourn a loss, but they also look forward to the Last Day when “a new plant will rise from the seed”. For when Jesus returns as Judge of the world, then all shall rise to be judged by Him. Those who belong to the Master shall be given new, glorified bodies with which they can glorify their God forever.
At the end of Genesis we also stand at the grave. We read about the graves of Jacob and of Joseph; two pilgrims who received the double blessing of God. Here are two sons of Abraham who trusted in God’s promises. There is reason to mourn. At the surface the situation is not good; Abraham’s sons hardly know their God. In many ways they have become like the nations around them. Now they have had to leave the land promised to their fathers. What will become of God’s promises to father Abraham?
But Jacob and Joseph continue to trust in God. And as a testimony to their family, the people of Israel, they insist that their dead bodies be taken to the Promised Land. Israel’s body was accompanied by chariots and horsemen. It would become Israel’s hope: one day his offspring would follow him. Joseph’s body would remain, but when the time would come for “Israel” to leave Egypt, his children would take his body and bring it with them, all the way to the land that was promised to their fathers.
Conclusion
The first five books of the Bible are commonly called “the Books of Moses”. Yet, the book of Genesis records the history before Moses. After that the record stops for about four hundred years until Moses appears on the scene. At that time God remembers His covenant with Abraham and He will create the nation of Israel. Apparently, people have been writing since Abraham’s days. Somehow, God made sure the ancient history was recorded. Perhaps most of Israel’s shepherds did not read or write, but Joseph and his sons must have had a good education. If the common man was illiterate it is quite likely that a written record of Genesis survived in the archives of Egypt. After four centuries there was another descendant of Israel who had received a good education. This man, Moses, also had access to the national archives and he had a real interest in learning about the Hebrews (the descendants of Abraham). The Bible does not tell us how the record survived or how it was passed on. Yet, we know that Joseph had a real interest to ensure that his people knew their heritage, and that they knew God’s promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. God made sure that the Genesis record would be kept and preserved. He arranged it that once more a simple son of Abraham would get a privileged position at the Egyptian court. He would use this again to ensure that Abraham’s seed would grow into a large people and that one day these people would return to the Promised Land.
Food for Thought
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1 Joseph can be seen as a picture of Jesus. What parallels can you discover?
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2 The Hebrew word for “ark”, the boat that saved Noah and his family from drowning is also used in Moses’ basket. Read Exodus 2: 1-10. As with Noah, God saves Moses from the threatening water to make a new beginning in the building of His Kingdom.
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3 Read: Exodus 13:19: Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for Joseph had made the Israelites solemnly swear, “God will surely attend to you, and you will carry my bones up from this place with you.”
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4 Read Hebrews 11: 22. Why is Joseph an example for us?